Developing Porphyra/salmon integrated aquaculture for bioremediation and diversification of the aquaculture industry

FUNCTIONAL-FORM GROUPS; RED ALGAE; ATLANTIC SALMON; NEW-HAMPSHIRE; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; RHODOPHYTA; TEMPERATURE; NUTRIENTS; KJELLMAN

Bioremediation potential of the macroalga Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta) integrated into fed fish culture in coastal waters of north China

Fed fish farms produce large amounts of wastes, including dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus. In China, fish mariculture in coastal waters has been increasing since the last decade. However, there is no macroalgae commercially cultivated in north China in warm seasons. To exploit fish-farm nutrients as a resource input, and at the same time to reduce the risk of eutrophication, the high-temperature adapted red alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Bory) Dawson from south China was co-cultured with the fish Sebastodes fuscescens in north China in warm seasons. Growth and nutrient removal from fish culture water were investigated in laboratory conditions in order to evaluate the nutrient bioremediation capability of G. lemaneiformis. Feasibility of integrating the seaweed cultivation with the fed fish-cage aquaculture in coastal waters of north China was also investigated in field conditions. Laboratory seaweed/fish co-culture experiments showed that the seaweed was an efficient nutrient pump and could remove most nutrients from the system. Field cultivation trials showed that G. lemaneiformis grew very well in fish farming areas, at maximum growth rate of 11.03% day(-1). Mean C, N, and P contents in dry thalli cultured in Jiaozhou Bay were 28.9 +/- 1.1%, 4.17 +/- 0.11 % and 0.33 +/- 0.01 %, respectively. Mean N and P uptake rates of the thalli were estimated at 10.64 and 0.38 mu mol g(-1) dry weight h(-1), respectively. An extrapolation of the results showed that a 1-ha cultivation of the seaweed in coastal fish fanning waters would give an annual harvest of more than 70 t of fresh G. lemaneiformis, or 9 t dry materials; 2.5 t C would be produced, and simultaneously 0.22 t N and 0.03t P would be sequestered from the seawater by the seaweed. Results indicated that the seaweed is suitable as a good candidate for seaweed/fish integrated mariculture for bioremediation and economic diversification. The integration can benefit economy and environment in a sustainable manner in warm seasons in coastal waters of north China. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

微生物固定化方法修复多环芳烃污染土壤

针对传统游离微生物修复技术的缺点和弊端，提出了采用固定化微生物技术修复受多环芳烃污染的非流体介质的新课题。本文筛选出2株高效降解菌，并进行了固定化载体筛选，优化并确定了3种固定化工艺。通过实验室模拟实验，考察了固定化菌对PAHs污染非流体介质的修复能力，最后通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析，对固定化微环境强化修复机制进行了初步探讨。 细菌芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.，SB02）和真菌毛霉（Mucor sp.，SF06）对土壤中的Pyr、BaP降解率高，降解速率快，为高效降解微生物。 碱化后的泥炭土适宜作为细菌固定化载体；玉米芯适宜作为真菌固定化载体；改性后蛭石适宜作为混合菌固定化载体。这些载体来源广泛，成本低廉，工艺简单，安全无毒。 将固定化菌应用于Pyr、BaP污染土壤的修复，考察了初始接种量、环境温度、土壤含水量对固定化菌降解Pyr、BaP的影响，固定化菌对不同系列浓度Pyr、BaP的降解，以及固定化菌在不灭菌土壤中对Pyr、BaP的降解，表明固定化菌对土壤中Pyr和BaP的降解率均高出游离菌20%，固定化混和菌降解效果最好，其次是固定化真菌，再次是固定化细菌。 SEM分析了固定化颗粒的微观结构和微生物在颗粒内部的形态变化，结果表明颗粒内部丰富的疏松多孔结构和巨大的比表面积为微生物提供了适宜的生存空间，使吸附固定化成为可能。 固定化菌对沈抚灌区PAHs污染土壤修复效果非常理想，经过6个月，土壤中总PAHs的去除率达70.3%，高于游离菌。

镉、铅污染土壤的植物-微生物联合修复研究

植物－微生物联合修复是利用微生物作为植物修复重金属土壤的一种强化手段，在弥补单纯植物及微生物修复技术不足的同时，利用植物和微生物的共存体系提高植物修复效率。本研究考察了向日葵（Helianthus annuus L.），芥菜（Brassica juncea L.），紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）和蓖麻（Ricinus communis L.）对Cd、Pb的富集特征，并筛选出向日葵作为富集植物；探讨了向日葵根系分泌物在重金属胁迫下的变化；通过重金属耐受菌株与向日葵的配伍对Cd、Pb污染土壤进行联合修复，结果如下： 液体培养实验结果表明，四种植物对Cd、Pb富集能力明显不同，其中向日葵对两种重金属的提取效果较好。四种植物对重金属的富集量随着浓度的增加而增加，而富集系数随重金属浓度的增加而减小，转移系数同重金属浓度及地上部/地下部生物量比值呈现一定的相关性；Cd、Pb复合处理中，一种重金属的存在会在不同程度上影响植物对另一种重金属的吸收；此外，不同植物及重金属处理中根际区域的酸碱度及氧化还原电位呈现负相关性。 砂培实验结果表明，向日葵对重金属的富集规律基本同液体培养实验相似。富集系数与重金属浓度和培养时间呈现线性相关关系。复合处理中，当Cd和Pb在适当浓度比例时，向日葵可以增加对某一重金属的吸收效率。向日葵的根系分泌物组成因重金属的存在而明显减少，根系分泌物中的草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、乙酸及丁二酸含量随着不同浓度Cd、Pb而发生不规则变化。 在以根系分泌物作为唯一营养来源筛选重金属耐受菌株实验中，细菌和真菌对Cd及Pb的耐性及吸附效率不同。总体上看，微生物生物量随重金属浓度升高而降低，而重金属吸附量随浓度升高而增加，重金属复合毒性也减少了微生物对单一重金属的吸收；另外，培养基中酸碱度因微生物种类及重金属浓度而有所差异。 将筛选出的优势微生物与向日葵配伍处理Cd、Pb污染土壤的实验中，由于Cd、Pb污染模式及菌株种类的不同，微生物对向日葵吸收重金属的强化效果呈现很大差异，其中真菌对植物吸收重金属的强化能力较细菌强；同时，根系分泌物中6种有机酸的含量在不同处理中变化较大；在处理单一Cd或Pb污染的时候选用菌株B1、F1或混合菌B1+B2、F1+F2、B2+F1、B1+F2与向日葵配伍修复的效果较好；混合菌F1+F2、B1+F2、B2+F1的添加能较好的强化Cd、Pb复合污染中向日葵吸收重金属的能力。

石油污染土壤的物理化学处理-生物修复工艺与技术研究

由于污染条件不同，造成石油污染土壤的污染程度、污染性质差异很大，单纯依靠一种方法或技术难以进行清洁和修复，并使其恢复土壤的自然属性，因此，必须采用物理、化学、生物及工程方法进行综合治理.该项工作基于国内外同类研究基础，根据土壤中石油类污染物的含量和性质，提出了石油污染土壤物理化学净化—生物修复的基本思想，采取了有针对性的分级、分段处理方法，研究和开发了高效低耗、经济易行的处理技术，并建立了相应的示范工程，为该技术的应用和推广奠定了基础.

稠油污染土壤生物修复的微生物筛选及工艺调控

稠油组分非常复杂，胶质沥青质含量较高，使稠油污染土壤的生物修复难度很大。对稠油中胶质沥青质分的降解是彻底修复稠油污染土壤的关键。试验中利用辽河油田污染土壤中筛选并纯化出来的几株细菌、真菌和放线菌，以胶质沥青质作为碳源，考察不同菌株处理的去除率变化。发现0d-14d期间是微生物去除胶质沥青质的活跃期，42d之后土壤中胶质沥青质的减少趋缓，是生物修复的转折点。筛选出优势降解菌株：细菌22B；真菌中F2006、F2008、F9902，放线菌A2013、A2016混合菌F2006+22B、F6＋22B。同时考查了表面活性剂吐温-80对菌株去除胶质沥青质能力的影响，发现吐温-80对不同菌株有促进或抑制作用。利用上述优势菌株处理5ryn稠油污染土壤，并在42d时，通过采取补加菌液、添加N、P营养物质和添加碳源处理来提高微生物对土壤中稠油的去除能力。经过56天的处理，细菌22B对稠油的去除率最高，达27．420＆；混合菌的去除率在23.64％-26.24％。比较三种处理措施对微生物降解稠油能力的影响时，发现不同菌株对这三种措施的反应并不相同。同时土壤中残留石油烃的族分析证实了土壤中的重质成分是可以被微生物降解的；而稠油污染土壤中的烷烃和芳香烃的含量则呈现动态变化。稠油污染土壤的生物修复后的毒性检验表明，不同菌株处理土壤的毒性因选择的菌株及采取的措施不同而异，其中土壤毒性最小的是22B添加碳源处理；毒性最强的是F2008加菌处理。补加菌液、添加营养和碳源措施会使微生物对稠油降解能力有所加强，但是也加速了某些微生物产生毒性较稠油更大的中间产物的生成，使土壤更加不适合植物的生长。本研究从辽河油田污染土壤中筛选出石油烃降解菌株，对稠油中最难降解的胶质沥青质进行处理，从中选择优势的降解菌株对稠油污染土壤进行生物修复，为稠油污染土壤的生物修复打下理论基础。

Remediation of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Two Different Soils

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a set of chemicals that are toxic, persist in the environment for long periods of time, and biomagnify as they move up through the food chain. The most widely used method of POP destruction is incineration, which is expensive and could result in undesirable by-products. An alternative bioremediation technology, which is cheaper and environ-mentally friendly, was tested during this experiment. Two different soil types containing high and low organic matter (OM) were spiked with 100 mg/kg each of pyrene and Aroclor 1248 and planted with three different species of grasses. The objective of the study was to determine residue recovery levels (availability) and potential effectiveness of these plant species for the remediation of POPs. The results showed that recovery levels were highly dependent on the soil organic matter content—very low in all treatments with the high OM content soil compared to recoveries in the low OM soil. This indicates that availability, and, hence, biodegradability of the contaminants is dependent on the organic matter content of the soil. Moreover, the degree of availability was also significantly different for the two classes of chemicals. The polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) recovery (availability) was extremely low in the high organic matter content soil compared to that of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In both soil types, all of the plant species treatments showed significantly greater PCB biodegradation compared to the unplanted controls. Planting did not have any significant effect on the transformation of the PAHs in both soil types; however, planting with switchgrass was the best remedial option for both soil types contaminated with PCB.

石油污染土壤的生物修复技术

The soil contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons and main methods of cleaning the pollutants were dealt with in the paper.The key principles,technological types, effect factors ,consolidation of the technology,present situation and development of the bioremediation of the soil contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons were presented.

Density-dependent effects on seston dynamics and rates of filtering and biodeposition of the suspension-cultured scallop Chlamys farreri in a eutrophic bay (northern China): An experimental study in semi-in situ flow-through systems

Effects of stocking density on seston dynamics and filtering and biodeposition by the suspension-cultured Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston in a eutrophic bay (Sishili Bay, northern China), were determined in a 3-month semi-field experiment with continuous flow-through seawater from the bay. Results showed that the presence of the scallops could strongly decrease seston and chlorophyll a concentrations in the water column. Moreover, in a limited water column, increasing scallop density could cause seston depletion due to scallop's filtering and biodeposition process, and impair scallop growth. Both filtration rate and biodeposition rate of C. farreri showed significant negative correlation with their density and positive relationship with seston concentration. Calculation predicts that the daily removal of suspended matter from water column by the scallops in Sishili Bay ecosystem can be as high as 45% of the total suspended matter; and the daily production of biodeposits by the scallops in early summer in farming zone may amount to 7.78 g m(-2), with daily C, N and P biodeposition rates of 3.06 x 10(-1), 3.86 x 10(-2) and 9.80 x 10(-3) g m(-2), respectively. The filtering and biodeposition by suspension-cultured scallops could substantially enhance the deposition of total suspended particulate material, suppress accumulation of particulate organic matter in water column, and increase the flux of C, N and P to benthos, strongly enhancing pelagic-benthic coupling. It was suggested that the filtering-biodeposition process by intensively suspension-cultured bivalve filter-feeders could exert strong top-down control on phytoplankton biomass and other suspended particulate material in coastal ecosystems. This study also indicated that commercially suspension-cultured bivalves may simultaneously and potentially aid in mitigating eutrophication pressures on coastal ecosystems subject to anthropogenic N and P loadings, serving as a eutrophic-environment bioremediator. The ecological services (e.g. filtering capacity, top-down control, and benthic-pelagic coupling) functioned by extractive bivalve aquaculture should be emphasized in coastal ecosystems. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.